Calcium signaling is a research area that studies the role of calcium ions in cellular signaling processes. Calcium ions are important second messengers that regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including muscle contraction, cell growth, gene expression, and neurotransmitter release. Calcium signaling is tightly regulated by a complex network of proteins that control the entry of calcium into the cell, its release from intracellular stores, and its binding to target proteins. Dysregulation of calcium signaling has been implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Researchers in this field study the molecular mechanisms underlying calcium signaling and how they are disrupted in disease states, with the goal of identifying new therapeutic targets for these conditions.